Resolving a Misunderstanding about the Treeless Climate of Köppen’s Classification in the World Geography Subject

doi:10.17279/jkagee.2022.30.4.65

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2022 Vol.30, Issue 4 Preview Page Next Page

Resolving a Misunderstanding about the Treeless Climate of Köppen’s Classification in the World Geography Subject 세계지리 과목에서 쾨펜의 무수목 기후에 대한 오해 풀기: 이호욱
Howook Lee; 경남과학고등학교 교사

Teacher, Gyeongnam Science High School

30 November 2022. pp. 65~79

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to resolve a public misunderstanding about the treeless climate of Köppen’s classification in Korea. Köppen explained that trees couldn’t grow in polar climates (E), but could grow depending on the conditions in arid climates (B). It is quite contradictory to describe that the arid climates are treeless and at the same time that trees such as date palms grow well in the world geography textbooks. Desert ironwoods in the Sonoran Desert in North America, gum arabic trees in the Sahel region of Africa, and date palms in the Arabian Desert in Southwest Asia are trees that actually inhabit dry climate environments. In conclusion, an alternative explanation is suggested that the arid climate is the one where trees grow but are limited. To apply this in the field, three approaches were introduced. First, the method of limiting the use of the treeless climate to the polar climate; second, the method of modifying the term to nontree instead of the treeless; third, the method of keeping the classification of the treeless climate, but adding the explanation that trees grow in arid climates.

Keywords

Köppen climate classification

tree

treeless climate

arid climate

world geography

이 연구의 목적은 우리나라에서 쾨펜의 무수목 기후에 대한 오해를 풀어보는 데 있다. 쾨펜의 저술에서 한대 기후는 나무가 자라지 못하지만, 건조 기후는 수목의 생장이 가능하다고 설명한 점을 확인하였다. 고등학교 세계지리 교재를 분석하여 건조 기후가 무수목 기후라고 서술하는 동시에, 대추야자 같은 나무가 잘 자란다고 서술하는 방식이 상호 모순적으로 이해될 수 있음을 지적하였다. 북아메리카 소노란 사막의 아이언우드, 아프리카 사헬지역의 아라비아고무나무, 서남아시아 아라비아 사막의 대추야자 등은 건조 기후 환경에서 실제로 서식하는 수목의 사례이다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 설명과는 다르게 건조 기후는 나무가 자라지만 제한적인 기후라고 설명하는 방식을 대안으로 제시하였다. 이를 현장에 적용하기 위해 무수목 기후를 한대 기후에 국한해서 사용하거나 무수목 대신에 ‘비수목’으로 용어를 수정하는 방식, 또는 무수목 기후의 유형 구분을 계속 유지하되 건조 기후에서 나무가 자란다는 단서를 추가하는 접근방식을 소개하였다.

키워드

쾨펜의 기후 구분

수목

무수목 기후

건조 기후

세계지리

References

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권혁재, 1997, 자연지리학, 법문사.
김재근, 2022, 식물 분류학 개론: 한국의 관속식물, 라이프사이언스.
이경준, 2011, 수목생리학, 서울대학교출판문화원.
이승호, 2022, 기후학, 푸른길.
Adams, R. P., Al-Farsi, A. A., and Schwarzbach, A. E., 2014, Confirmation of the southern-most population of Juniperus seravschanica in Oman by DNA sequencing of nrDNA and four cpDNA regions, Phytologia, 96(3), 218-224.
Al-Alawi, R. A., Al-Mashiqri, J. H., Al-Nadabi, J. S., Al-Shihi, B., and Baqi, Y., 2017, Date Palm Tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural Products and Therapeutic Options, Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 845, 1-12. 10.3389/fpls.2017.00845 28588600 PMC5440559
Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J. 저, 이민부·박병익·강철성 역, 2002, 현대기후학, 한울아카데미(Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J., 1998, Atmosphere, Weather and Climate(7th), Routledge). 10.4324/9780203016206
Beck, C., Grieser, J., Kottek, M., Rubel, F., and Rudolf, B., 2006, Characterizing global climate change by means of Köppen Climate Classification, in German Weather Service (ed.), Klimastatusbericht, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany, 139-149.
Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A. M. and Wood, E. F., 2018, Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution, Scientific Data, 5, 180214, 1-12. 10.1038/sdata.2018.214 30375988 PMC6207062
Bein, E., Habte, B., Jaber, A., Birnie, A. and Tengnas, B., 1996, Useful Trees and Shrubs in Eritrea, Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya.
Diaz, H. F. and Eischeid, J. K., 2007, Disappearing “alpine tundra” Köppen climatic type in the western United States, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(18), L18707, 1-4. 10.1029/2007GL031253
Dimmitt, M. A., 2000a, Flowering plants of the Sonoran Desert, in S. J. Phillips and P. W. Comus (eds.), A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, Arizona, 153-264.
Dimmitt, M. A., 2000b, Biomes and Communities of the Sonoran Desert Region, in S. J. Phillips and P. W. Comus (eds.), A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, Arizona, 3-18.
Hess, D., 2011, Mcknight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation(10th), Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, USA.
Hobbi, S., Michael-Papalexiou, S., Rupa-Rajulapati, C., Nerantzaki, S. D., Markonis, Y., Tang, G., and Clark, M. P., 2022, Detailed investigation of discrepancies in Köppen-Geiger climate classification using seven global gridded products, Journal of Hydrology, 612, 128121, 1-14. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128121
Falquina, R., de la Vara, A., Cabos, W., Sein, D. V., and Gallardo, C., 2022, Impact of ocean-atmosphere coupling on present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification in Europe, Atmospheric Research, 275, 106223, 1-16. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106223
Fry, J. L., Graf, H., Grotjahn R., Raphael, M. N., Saunders C., and Whitaker, R. 저, 권혁조·오재호·이재규·전종갑·하경자 역, 2011, 기상기후 백과사전, 시그마프레스(Fry, J. L., Graf, H., Grotjahn R., Raphael, M. N., Saunders C., and Whitaker, R., 2010, Encyclopedia of weather and climate change : a complete visual guide, University of California Press).
Geiger, R., 1961. Überarbeitete Neuausgabe von Geiger, R.: Köppen-Geiger/Klima der Erde, (Wandkarte 1: 16 Mill.), Klett-Perthes, Gotha, Germany.
Jordan-Bychkov, T. G. and Domosh, M. 저, 류제헌 역, 2002, 세계문화지리, 살림출판사(Jordan-Bychkov, T. G. and Domosh, M., 1999, The human mosaic: a thematic introduction to cultural geography(8th), W. H. Freeman, New York).
Köppen, W., 1936, Das geographische System der Klimate, in Köppen, W. and Geiger, R. (eds.), Handbuch der Klimatologie, Bd. 1, Teil C, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Germany.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F., 2006, World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259-263. 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 16741223
Kyalangalilwa, B., Boatwright, J. S., Daru, B. H., Maurin O., and Bank, M. V., 2013, Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172(4), 500-523. 10.1111/boj.12047
Little, E. L., 1976, Atlas of United States trees: volume 3. Minor western hardwoods, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
Lyam, P. T., Duque-Lazo, J., Schnitzler, J., Hauenschild, F., and Muellner-Riehl, A. N., 2020, Testing the forest refuge hypothesis in sub-Saharan Africa using species distribution modeling for a key savannah tree species, Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton, Frontiers of Biogeography, 12(4), 1-15. 10.21425/F5FBG48689
McAuliffe, J. R., 1984, Prey refugia and the distributions of two Sonoran Desert cacti, Oecologia, 65, 82-85. 10.1007/BF00384466 28312113
Mills, L. S., Soulé, M. E., and Doak, D. F., 1993, The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation, BioScience, 43(4), 219-224. 10.2307/1312122
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A., 2007, Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1633-1644. 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Rohli, R. V., Andrew-Joyner, T., Reynolds, S. J., Shaw, C., and Vázquez, J. R., 2015, Globally Extended Kӧppen-Geiger climate classification and temporal shifts in terrestrial climatic types, Physical Geography, 36(2), 142-157. 10.1080/02723646.2015.1016382
Schönwiese, C.-D. 저, 김종규 역, 2006, 기후학, 시그마프레스(Schönwiese, Christian-Dietrich, 2003, Klimatologie(2th), Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany).
Steinfort, Ú., Contreras, A., Albornoz, F., Reyes‐Paecke, S., and Guilleminot, P., 2020, Vegetation survival and condition in public green spaces after their establishment: evidence from a semi-arid metropolis, Int. J. Agric. Nat. Resour, 47(2), 90-104. 10.7764/ijanr.V47I2.2045
Suzán, H., Nabhan, G. P., and Patten, D. T., 1996, The importance of Olneya tesota as a nurse plant in the Sonoran Desert, Journal of Vegetation Science, 7(5), 635-644. 10.2307/3236375
Wong, S. L., Wan, K. K., Yang, L., and Lam, J. C., 2012, Changes in bioclimates in different climates around the world and implications for the built environment, Building and Environment, 57, 214-222. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.05.006
연합뉴스, 2017년 3월 14일자, “아라비아고무: 남부 사헬 국가에서 중요한 사회, 경제 및 환경 자원”, (https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170314182600009?input=1195m, 2022년 9월 21일 접속).
Gulf Business, 2020년 10월 11일자, “Pictures: Saudi Arabia’s Al-Ahsa Oasis enters Guinness World Records”, (https://gulfbusiness.com/pictures-saudi-arabias-al-ahsa-oasis-enters-guinness-world-records, 2022년 9월 21일 접속).

Information

Publisher :The Korean Association Of Geographic And Environmental Education
Publisher(Ko) :한국지리환경교육학회
Journal Title :The Journal of The Korean Association of Geographic and Environmental Education
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지리환경교육학회지
Volume : 30
No :4
Pages :65~79
DOI :https://doi.org/10.17279/jkagee.2022.30.4.65

[1] 강권민·최영은·김유진·민숙주·최다솜·김기영·이도영, 2021, “신평년값(1991~2020년)을 이용한 우리나라 기후형 구분과 특성에 관한 연구”, 기후연구, 16(3), 179-195.

[2] 강판권, 2011, 세상을 바꾼 나무: 한 그루의 나무로 읽는 세계사, 다른.

[3] 교육부, 2015, 사회과교육과정 (별책7: 교육부 고시 제2015-74호).

[4] 권동희, 2003, “쾨펜, 근대기후학의 아버지”, 지리학을 빛낸 24인의 거장들, 한국지리정보연구회, 한울아카데미, 9-19.

[5] 권혁재, 1997, 자연지리학, 법문사.

[6] 김재근, 2022, 식물 분류학 개론: 한국의 관속식물, 라이프사이언스.

[7] 이경준, 2011, 수목생리학, 서울대학교출판문화원.

[8] 이승호, 2022, 기후학, 푸른길.

[9] Adams, R. P., Al-Farsi, A. A., and Schwarzbach, A. E., 2014, Confirmation of the southern-most population of Juniperus seravschanica in Oman by DNA sequencing of nrDNA and four cpDNA regions, Phytologia, 96(3), 218-224.

[10] Al-Alawi, R. A., Al-Mashiqri, J. H., Al-Nadabi, J. S., Al-Shihi, B., and Baqi, Y., 2017, Date Palm Tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural Products and Therapeutic Options, Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 845, 1-12. 10.3389/fpls.2017.00845 28588600 PMC5440559

[11] Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J. 저, 이민부·박병익·강철성 역, 2002, 현대기후학, 한울아카데미(Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J., 1998, Atmosphere, Weather and Climate(7th), Routledge). 10.4324/9780203016206

[12] Beck, C., Grieser, J., Kottek, M., Rubel, F., and Rudolf, B., 2006, Characterizing global climate change by means of Köppen Climate Classification, in German Weather Service (ed.), Klimastatusbericht, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany, 139-149.

[13] Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A. M. and Wood, E. F., 2018, Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution, Scientific Data, 5, 180214, 1-12. 10.1038/sdata.2018.214 30375988 PMC6207062

[14] Bein, E., Habte, B., Jaber, A., Birnie, A. and Tengnas, B., 1996, Useful Trees and Shrubs in Eritrea, Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya.

[15] Diaz, H. F. and Eischeid, J. K., 2007, Disappearing “alpine tundra” Köppen climatic type in the western United States, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(18), L18707, 1-4. 10.1029/2007GL031253

[16] Dimmitt, M. A., 2000a, Flowering plants of the Sonoran Desert, in S. J. Phillips and P. W. Comus (eds.), A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, Arizona, 153-264.

[17] Dimmitt, M. A., 2000b, Biomes and Communities of the Sonoran Desert Region, in S. J. Phillips and P. W. Comus (eds.), A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, Arizona, 3-18.

[18] Hess, D., 2011, Mcknight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation(10th), Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, USA.

[19] Hobbi, S., Michael-Papalexiou, S., Rupa-Rajulapati, C., Nerantzaki, S. D., Markonis, Y., Tang, G., and Clark, M. P., 2022, Detailed investigation of discrepancies in Köppen-Geiger climate classification using seven global gridded products, Journal of Hydrology, 612, 128121, 1-14. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128121

[20] Falquina, R., de la Vara, A., Cabos, W., Sein, D. V., and Gallardo, C., 2022, Impact of ocean-atmosphere coupling on present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification in Europe, Atmospheric Research, 275, 106223, 1-16. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106223

[21] Fry, J. L., Graf, H., Grotjahn R., Raphael, M. N., Saunders C., and Whitaker, R. 저, 권혁조·오재호·이재규·전종갑·하경자 역, 2011, 기상기후 백과사전, 시그마프레스(Fry, J. L., Graf, H., Grotjahn R., Raphael, M. N., Saunders C., and Whitaker, R., 2010, Encyclopedia of weather and climate change : a complete visual guide, University of California Press).

[22] Geiger, R., 1961. Überarbeitete Neuausgabe von Geiger, R.: Köppen-Geiger/Klima der Erde, (Wandkarte 1: 16 Mill.), Klett-Perthes, Gotha, Germany.

[23] Jordan-Bychkov, T. G. and Domosh, M. 저, 류제헌 역, 2002, 세계문화지리, 살림출판사(Jordan-Bychkov, T. G. and Domosh, M., 1999, The human mosaic: a thematic introduction to cultural geography(8th), W. H. Freeman, New York).

[24] Köppen, W., 1936, Das geographische System der Klimate, in Köppen, W. and Geiger, R. (eds.), Handbuch der Klimatologie, Bd. 1, Teil C, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Germany.

[25] Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F., 2006, World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259-263. 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 16741223

[26] Kyalangalilwa, B., Boatwright, J. S., Daru, B. H., Maurin O., and Bank, M. V., 2013, Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172(4), 500-523. 10.1111/boj.12047

[27] Little, E. L., 1976, Atlas of United States trees: volume 3. Minor western hardwoods, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

[28] Lyam, P. T., Duque-Lazo, J., Schnitzler, J., Hauenschild, F., and Muellner-Riehl, A. N., 2020, Testing the forest refuge hypothesis in sub-Saharan Africa using species distribution modeling for a key savannah tree species, Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton, Frontiers of Biogeography, 12(4), 1-15. 10.21425/F5FBG48689

[29] McAuliffe, J. R., 1984, Prey refugia and the distributions of two Sonoran Desert cacti, Oecologia, 65, 82-85. 10.1007/BF00384466 28312113

[30] Mills, L. S., Soulé, M. E., and Doak, D. F., 1993, The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation, BioScience, 43(4), 219-224. 10.2307/1312122

[31] Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A., 2007, Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1633-1644. 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007

[32] Rohli, R. V., Andrew-Joyner, T., Reynolds, S. J., Shaw, C., and Vázquez, J. R., 2015, Globally Extended Kӧppen-Geiger climate classification and temporal shifts in terrestrial climatic types, Physical Geography, 36(2), 142-157. 10.1080/02723646.2015.1016382

[33] Schönwiese, C.-D. 저, 김종규 역, 2006, 기후학, 시그마프레스(Schönwiese, Christian-Dietrich, 2003, Klimatologie(2th), Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany).

[34] Steinfort, Ú., Contreras, A., Albornoz, F., Reyes‐Paecke, S., and Guilleminot, P., 2020, Vegetation survival and condition in public green spaces after their establishment: evidence from a semi-arid metropolis, Int. J. Agric. Nat. Resour, 47(2), 90-104. 10.7764/ijanr.V47I2.2045

[35] Suzán, H., Nabhan, G. P., and Patten, D. T., 1996, The importance of Olneya tesota as a nurse plant in the Sonoran Desert, Journal of Vegetation Science, 7(5), 635-644. 10.2307/3236375

[36] Wong, S. L., Wan, K. K., Yang, L., and Lam, J. C., 2012, Changes in bioclimates in different climates around the world and implications for the built environment, Building and Environment, 57, 214-222. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.05.006

[37] 연합뉴스, 2017년 3월 14일자, “아라비아고무: 남부 사헬 국가에서 중요한 사회, 경제 및 환경 자원”, (https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170314182600009?input=1195m, 2022년 9월 21일 접속).

[38] Gulf Business, 2020년 10월 11일자, “Pictures: Saudi Arabia’s Al-Ahsa Oasis enters Guinness World Records”, (https://gulfbusiness.com/pictures-saudi-arabias-al-ahsa-oasis-enters-guinness-world-records, 2022년 9월 21일 접속).

The Journal of The Korean Association of Geographic and Environmental Education ISSN:1226-511X(Print) 2586-5641(Online) 한국지리환경교육학회지

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